Physical mediumship is about connecting to the
spirit world. The medium channels ethereal energy and focuses it so that it
can influence physical objects. The spirits manifest themselves through the
medium's body, often producing ectoplasm as they do so.
Séances are either held in the dark or in a very dim red light. For
some reason, spirits are averse to white light or conditions that allow participants
in the séance any chance of normal vision.
Many physical manifestations occur. They may be genuine, but of course there
may also be more earthly explanations for the phenomena produced. Here we will
consider some of these phenomena and give some possible explanations for them:
Ectoplasm:
- Claim:
Ectoplasm is a product of ethereal energy which usually forms as a fog like
mist, solid white mass, or as a vortex. It emanates from various orifices
of the medium, most commonly the mouth, nose and ears. Ectoplasm can form
into rods which can be used to move objects and even levitate people in their
chairs.
- Explanation:
Ectoplasm is the fabric chiffon. Chiffon is highly compressible and can be
hidden easily about the medium's body or introduced to her by her assistant.
Mediums can cover themselves with the fabric and hide/reveal themselves from
behind a black curtain to make themselves look like a materialisation. Chiffon
can also be wrapped around rods and other pieces of equipment which are then
used to move things around. The chair levitation is achieved by assistants
holding one chair leg each and lifting the chair up.
Voice trumpets:
- Claim.
The spirits do not speak loudly so some form of amplification is required.
This is usually in the form of a trumpet which is placed on a table. During
the séance the trumpet is often seen to levitate and move around whilst
the spirit voice comes through it.
- Explanation:
The trumpet is often marked with a luminous paint so that the levitation
can be seen in the dark. The trumpet simply has a hidden extendable handle
which the medium (or assistant) uses to pick it up and wave it around in a
way that looks too fast to be produced by someone holding it. The voices are
produced by the medium who uses a second smaller trumpet to speak through.
For an account of a medium being caught red-handed see: Tony
Youens' article.
Apportation:
- Claim.
The spirits can make items materialise during the séance ranging from
semi-precious stones to peoples' personal belongings that they may have lost
at some other time.
- Explanation:
Simple apports are just placed there by the medium in the dark. The
items are usually worthless and are given as souvenirs to the sitters. Where
missing personal items are apported back to their owners, it is a case of
the mediums, or their helpers, actually stealing or pick-pocketing these items
from their owners and miraculously returning them to their owners via the
spirits. This occurrence is more likely to happen where people attend the
same places regularly.
Loss of heartbeat:
- Claim.
Trance mediums get taken over by spirit and their trance becomes so deep that their heart stops beating. This can be confirmed by someone taking
their pulse at the wrist.
- Explanation:
This is an old trick. The effect is obtained by placing a small item, such as a squash ball, in the armpit and squeezing on it when you
want the pulse to disappear.
An obvious way to test whether the effect is real or down to the trickery explained here is to take the pulse
at the medium's neck rather than their wrist.
Table tipping and levitation.
- Claim.
Sitters at the table all place their hands on top of the table. The spirits
then levitate the table during the séance with everyone's hands remaining
on the top of the table.
- Explanation:
There are several methods of levitating tables, many of which are
still used by magicians today so we will not reveal the more sophisticated
methods. Simple table manipulations have been performed for a long time. Eusapia
Palladino (1854-1918) was a medium who developed a simple method. She used
a special lightweight table which was designed so that her foot could be hooked
beneath one of the legs. Pressing down with her hands and up with her foot
gave her control of the table.
With more advanced trickery large, heavy tables can be made to levitate even
with a person sitting on it.
Raps and taps.
- Claim.
The spirits often make noises from small taps to loud bangs.
- Explanation:
The medium and the assistants make the noises. It can be as simple
as using a children's peashooter.
Spirit lights.
- Claim.
Flashes of lights appear near or around the medium, often as the spirits are
coming through.
- Explanation:
Wire wool brushed across the terminals of a battery will make some
strange and spooky looking flashes and sparks.
But the medium was tied to the chair...
- Claim.
At the start of the séance, the medium is often tied to a chair with
ropes. This rules out trickery.
- Explanation:
There are also tricks employed here. The chair may have detachable
arms. The ropes may have been tied by an accomplice who leaves enough
room for the medium to slip out of and back into the apparent restraint.
Where rooms are set up for the sole purpose of séances, there is often
a secret door through which accomplices enter after the lights go out. Many
effects can be created by accomplices who do the tricks of black art; often
seen as a stage act where people dressed in black in front of a black background
go unseen and the effects they create look miraculous.
It is surprising just how quickly magicians can free themselves from ropes
that are genuinely tied by other people.
There are other tricks and techniques used in physical mediumship, many of which
have been around for a century or more. The tricks are quite mundane when seen
in daylight, yet the effect that they produce in darkness can be quite profound.
Although physical mediumship is on the decline today, it is remarkable that
many people still believe that spirits are coming through when the mediums are
using the same tricks that were exposed by magicians like Houdini over eighty
years ago.
